Reducing Waste Reduces Waist: Food, Waste and Weight

Happy New Year!

Christmas has been and gone, and if you’re anything like me your celebrations involved lots of food.

Quite aside from Christmas dinner itself, there seems to be an abundance of eating associated with the festive season. Mince pies, tins of chocolates, nuts, cheese and biscuits, stollen, Christmas pudding and Christmas cake, the obligatory satsuma in the stocking... Christmas is near on a month long festival of eating.

If you are like me, then it’s likely that you still have a fair amount of Christmas food still sitting in the cupboards waiting to be eaten.

But Christmas is over. And New Year is here. And with New Year there comes the obligatory New Year’s resolutions.

Now I’m not a big fan of New Year’s resolutions. If you want to do something, if you have a goal, then you should begin to work towards it irrespective of time of the year. Waiting for an arbitrary day and feeling compelled to set yourself a goal, whether your heart is in it or not, isn’t exactly a recipe for success. And yet so many do.

Get fit, drink less alcohol, stop smoking, save more, spend more time with the family... there are lots of options. And one of the more common is to lose weight.

So how does this fit with a house stuffed with the remaining Christmas fare?

There are various approaches you could take.

Binning it is one. But would you do it? Would you bin perfectly good (and by good, I mean fit for consumption) food?

Most wouldn’t.

How about finishing it off, then starting on the diet once it’s ‘gone’? Does that sounds a bit better? It would be a shame to waste it…

And that’s the topic of this post. Waste.

Concerns around waste are a common reason for eating. Or more specifically, overeating.

Let’s just have a think about the ‘finish it off and start the diet tomorrow’ scenario.

I’ll use an example:

Bob has a box of mince pies and a tub of Quality Street left from Christmas. There’s also some stilton in the fridge, and that bottle of Baileys that was overlooked at New Year. He wants to lose weight. But he doesn’t like to waste. Best to finish it all off, then once it’s gone there’ll be no more temptation.

Around 44 kcal each

One mince pie contains around 220kcal. A single Quality Street chocolate is ~44kcal. The calories you might consume in ‘finishing off’ all of those Christmassy foods could easily run into the hundreds, if not thousands.

Approx. 220 kcal each

Once that food is gone, it could take you weeks of a modest daily deficit to claw back those calories from food you didn’t want to waste.

When it comes to weight loss, we tend to think of calories. We think of low fat, and reduced sugar. Of ‘good’ food and ‘bad’ food.

We fail to think more broadly about why we are eating the way we are eating. And the decisions we make about food are more important than anything else. The thought processes – which are often not something we are consciously aware of – drive our choices and our behaviours. So an understanding of those is essential to long-term management of our weight.

So back to waste. Fears around waste are one of those thought-processes that we wouldn’t necessarily associated with our weight. But the link is there, as I’ll explain.

We’re conditioned not to waste. Financially and morally, waste offends our personal sensibilities. It’s often drummed into us from a young age.

“Clear your plate, there are people starving in the world”

“You’d have been grateful for that in my day”

Both of these statements are very true.

There are people starving in the world. Food poverty is a real problem around the world, including the UK. But how does forcing every last morsel from your plate into your mouth make the slightest difference to other people’s suffering?

And you may have been grateful for everything you had to eat if you were around in the time of rationing and scarcity. But for most people that simply isn’t an issue. So making yourself eat everything rather than put surplus in the bin may make you feel morally just, but your waistline will suffer.

The problem with eating to excess is that it places a physical burden on you, the eater.

The bin isn’t going to develop type 2 diabetes or hypertension. The composter won’t struggle with the stairs or have low body confidence and self-esteem issues.

That’s not to say you should be throwing food away without a second thought.

Food waste in the UK is pretty shocking – an average of 4.2 million tonnes of food and drink, costing over £12.5 billion is wasted each year. That costs each household £470 per year, rising to £700 for families with children.

And that’s just the food we throw away – the cost of the excess food and drink which is consumed isn’t factored into that equation. How much more money is being spent on expanding our muffin tops and love handles through fear of wasting food?

And the costs go way beyond the financial. Our health, our mobility, our confidence, our quality of life… The impact of excess weight is wide-reaching and insidious.

In the UK food is so abundant and available, it’s comparatively cheap (quality is a separate issue…) that we can afford to buy more than we strictly need. We like to have well stocked cupboards, and we like to bag ourselves a bargain.

Supermarket offers - but how good are they for you really?

Supermarkets and retailers promote excess. We are bombarded with ‘special offers’ – BOGOF/multibuys, meal deals… they seem so appealing, such a good deal, a way to save. But if you don’t need that food, had no intention of buying that volume, or aren’t quite sure when you’ll eat it, then how good an offer is it really? If it ends up in the bin, how much money have you actually saved?

The wasteful behaviour begins when shopping. By the time it’s at home, in the cupboards or fridge, it’s almost already too late. That food is there, and the fear of ‘waste’ will drive you to eat it, irrespective of physical need.

The looming ‘best before’ or ‘use by’ date will influence your choices when cooking or eating.

“I’ve got to use up the cheese…”

“We better eat that bacon before it goes off…”

“The biscuits are going a bit soft, do you want one?”

Every so often I’ll have what I call ‘fridge surprise’ – anything that’s been lingering in the fridge and ‘needs’ to be used. And it sometimes leads to bizarre combinations. Chicken stir fry, with a side of cheesy potato gratin. And why? Because there was chicken leftover from a roast, a load of wilting veggies and some cheese. Plus the spuds were beginning to sprout a bit… Is that combination something you would ever choose in a restaurant? No? Nor me.

But as already said, we’ve been conditioned not to waste.

So what can you do about it?

If you trace back the series of events that leads you to eating through fear of waste, it begins with purchasing the food. You can’t waste what isn’t there, so you have to address your shopping habits.

Take it one step further back? It’s all about planning. Or more importantly, lack of.

Do you go to the supermarket to do the weekly shop with a precise list of what you need, and do you stick to it? Or do you wander around browsing the shelves muttering “I think we need some fresh bread…” or asking your other half “Do we need more pasta? I’ll get some just in case”

If you don’t know what you’re shopping for then you can almost guarantee that you’ll come away with things that you probably didn’t need.

(A quick word on need vs. want – regular readers will know I’m very much an advocate for everything in moderation. There’s a place for everything in the diet, but on the whole you should aim to be eating wholesome foods, in the right quantities, in response to physical hunger. Of course you can eat in response to a want – as the old expression goes, a bit of what you fancy does you good. But it does just have to be a bit – not too much, and not too often. And all of those bits need to be accounted for – watch the frequency of the different bits, because the cumulative effect matters!)

Planning is essential. If you are genuinely concerned about waste, about the financial burden and the ethics of filling landfill sites whilst people go hungry, then make the effort and plan.

Any new behaviour takes a bit of getting used to. Something I often say to my patients is that habits are developed over a lifetime. New habits will not be formed overnight, and it will take weeks/months for them to become ingrained as a norm. They take a bit of effort. But is it worth it? Yes, it is. Change takes effort, but your efforts will be rewarded. And as far as concerns over waste go, you will be rewarded financially with savings, and physically with a reduced burden of excess, not to mention the sense of moral virtue you’ll feel.

Planning takes a little bit of time, but it needn’t be onerous. Have an idea of what you want to eat/cook, and then check to see what you already have in.

Before leaving home:

• Do a stock-check and make a list: Most people have a store cupboard with the usual items – pasta, rice, tinned tomatoes, baked beans… have a look through your cupboards and see what you already have and what you need to replace. If you do replace, have an idea when you might use it or at least what you’ll use it for. That can of puy lentils might look interesting, but it you have no idea how to use them then is it likely you will? Find a recipe you’ll actually make before buying. Otherwise two years down the line they’ll end up in landfill. 
• Make a quick list of frequently cooked meals – this can give you some ideas when you’re in ‘what should I have for dinner’ mode, and it will also guide you in buying things you’ll actually use. You don’t have to plan every single meal as if eating is a military operation – just having an idea of several meals throughout the week will give you some idea of what you need and what you’ll use, whilst leaving some flexibility for changes in appetite and using up unexpected leftovers.
• Have a look in the fridge before leaving home, and possibly take a photo of the contents too – most people have a camera on their phone these days, and a visual reminder of exactly what you already have is a simple way to overcome lapses in memory or prevent duplications.  
• Begin to question the concept of ‘need’: do you need more pasta if there are already two packs in the cupboard? Yes, it’s a staple that you might use regularly, but if at the back of your mind you know there’s an endless supply, how careful will you be with your portions?

When shopping:

• Refer to your list! If you’ve gone to the shop you should know what you’re there for. That’s not to say you won’t be tempted by something new on the shelves, or drawn into that BOGOF on beans. But don’t drift too far from the list – you’ll end up with things you don’t want or need, things you won’t use and will ultimately end up in the bin, and things you’ll eat just because they’re there.
• Be flexible and creative in meal planning and shopping – if the foods can be used in several different ways they are less likely to be wasted. If you have mince in the fridge but don’t fancy cottage pie, why not make chilli, Bolognese or burgers instead?
• Consider sharing promotions and special offers with a friend or relative. Split the cost and you can both benefit from the saving whilst also avoiding surplus. If you are feeling particularly philanthropic, you could always donate the ‘one free’ to a food bank, an elderly neighbour or someone else in need.

At home:

• Be mindful about who you are cooking for. If there’s just you and your partner, then don’t cater as if the whole family were there.
• Think about portion sizes – it’s worth the extra moment to portion out the amount of rice/pasta/veg/etc. that will be eaten. If you cook too much, the likelihood is that you’ll eat too much.
• If you do cook too much, consider what to do with leftovers – the extra portions don’t have to be eaten there and then. Can they be frozen as a homemade ready-meal? Will they make a quick and convenient lunch for the following day? Would an elderly neighbour be grateful for a home-cooked meal?
• Use the freezer. Can you freeze food that won’t be eaten before it starts to go off? The LoveFoodHateWaste campaign website has some great advice on how to store food and lengthen its usability.

Waste itself is a problem, ethically, financially, and physically.

Fear of waste is also an issue. It drives us todo things that are not in our own best interests, for reasons that are out-dated and not-well thought out. If you do know where your next meal is coming from, then fears linking waste with going-without are not relevant. If you are concerned about the plight of others going hungry, how do you think your own eating will benefit them?

If you are eating beyond satisfying your physical hunger then you are overeating. And overeating typically leads to weight gain. Sure, sometimes the food you don’t want to waste will be a bag of spinach or a slightly over-ripe banana – healthy foods. But too much of anything is too much. If you are pushing yourself to eat something rather than getting rid of it, then you are essential showing more respect to the dustbin than you are to your own body.

The food is not at fault here. In some regards it doesn’t matter what the food is – it might be a healthy choice, but it could just as easily be something less nutritious. The underlying thought process and subsequent eating behaviour is the issue, and if you can address it, then you can reap the benefits.

So is waste something that bothers you? Have a think about it. Have a think about what you eat and why you eat it. If it’s to prevent the food from being wasted, is that really the right reason to be eating?

If you are concerned about waste, there are things you can do to both prevent it whilst also respecting your body and avoiding excess intake. Give it some thought – you might be surprised at the difference it can make.

Exercise and Weight

Exercise and Weight

It’s the start of a new year and as always, the start of New Year’s resolutions. The evidence of this can be found quite easily in my gym, which has gone from being pleasantly busy when I arrive after work, to resembling a mosh pit of sweaty, lycra-clad exercisers, jostling for position in the queue for the treadmills.

Despite my exasperation at having to fight for my turn on the cross-trainer, fair play to the New Year’s Resolution crew – regular exercise is one of the most beneficial things you can do for your health and wellbeing.

The benefits of being active are far-reaching, extending to cardiovascular, respiratory, joint and mental health, as well as any other physiological system you care to mention. The simple fact is that the body is designed to be active, and sedentary lifestyles can be linked with all manner of ailments. If we don’t use our bodies, they begin to lose their capacity to be used. The joints cease up, bone density decreases, the muscles weaken (including the heart), resting heart rate and blood pressure increase, lung function is reduced, the immune system is less robust… All possible consequences of an inactive lifestyle.

Unfortunately, the New Year inspired enthusiasm that’s currently clogging up my gym (not that I own it…) will not last. Many of these people will have reverted to a more sedentary way of life before January is out.

One reason for this may be the lack of results that people see. Weight loss is high on the list of reasons why people take up exercise in the first place, and one of the easiest ways of ‘seeing’ results from exercising. But alas, many of the goals people set themselves are not realistic, leading people to give up, disheartened with the lack of results.   

So why is it that exercise doesn’t produce the weight loss we think (or hope!) it should? There are several reasons

1.      Our appetite increases

Appetite is a tricky thing. It’s a very complex mechanism influenced by hormones, genes, the nervous system, fat cells, psychology, the environment... Some people find that their appetite is suppressed by high intensity exercise, others find it increases. Others still find it varies depending on what exercise they’ve been doing (running, swimming, cycling, etc.) and on the conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.) they’ve been exercising in. So as you can see, there’s nothing simple about appetite and exercise!

For those who do find that exercise increases their appetite, it can be difficult resisting the urge to eat more after a session, be it at gym, running in the great outdoors or friendly game of football with your friends. If you know this is going to be an issue, plan your day so that you have a snack or meal timed to coincide with the peak in appetite. This way you can avoid extras but still satisfy the desire for food.

2.   We're not exercising consistently

Consistency is essential if you want to get the most out of exercise. A Sunday morning 10 mile run is all well and good, but if that's followed by a week of nothing more strenuous than climbing the stairs to bed, then a bit of common sense tells you that's probably not going to make much of a difference to your weight in either the short or the long term. Exercise needs to be consistent. It needs to be built in to your daily routine, and it needs to be something you enjoy, or be honest - you're simply not going to want to keep doing it. 

3.    We feel as though we’ve ‘earned’ more food

Exercise should not be about earning food. If one of your reasons for exercising is to lose weight, then you need to make the most of the energy deficit that exercise can contribute to and DON’T eat back the calories you’ve used exercising. Thirty minutes running, or 20 lengths in the pool does not automatically entitle you to a cappuccino and a muffin, unless you want to undo all of that hard work. The exercise will still have its health benefits but as far as calories are concerned, think twice before reaching for the biscuit ‘because you’ve earned it’.

 4.      We overestimate ‘the calorie burn’

All movement requires energy. The higher the intensity and the longer duration, the higher these requirements are. Measuring these calories outside of a research facility is rather difficult, and a variety of formulae are used to estimate the energy demand of an activity. Gym machines like to display calories used, as do various pieces of kit such as heart rate monitors, GPS watches and so on. The accuracy of these is always slightly questionable, and it’s important to see these figures for what they are – an estimate. The more information you are able to program in (age, sex, weight, fitness level, etc.) the more truthful this estimate will be, but it’s not likely to be correct down to the very last calorie. And more importantly than that, the calorie estimate is usually looking at gross calories rather than net.

Gross calories are the total number of calories used during an activity. This includes the calories needed to perform the activity, AND the calories that your body would be using anyway – the energy that is used to keep your heart beating, your blood circulating and your brain functioning: the energy needed to keep you alive, also known as the basal metabolic rate (BMR).

Net calories are those that you use to perform an activity, excluding the calories used for the BMR.

Why does this matter? Because we get fixated on calories, and the difference between gross and net does impact on the rate of weight loss.  

Let’s use an example.

A 30 year old, 5’4”, 70kg woman wants to lose weight. She maintains her diet to a level that would usually keep her weight stable, but starts running on a treadmill for 60 minutes every day. The display on the machine tells her that each session uses 500kcal. She does this every day, accumulating a 3500kcal burn over the week. This should, using the old equation of 3500kcal per pound of fat, result in 1lb of weight loss per week.

However – the 500kcal estimate is gross calorie burn. This includes the calories her body would be using regardless of exercise. Her net calorie burn is 500 – BMR.

The BMR varies from person to person, as it is relative to age, height, weight and sex. For our 70kg lady her BMR is ~1500kcal. Therefore, her energy requirements for BMR are 62.5kcal per hour, regardless of exercise. So her NET calorie burn is 500kcal (from one hour of running) minus 62.5kcal, leaving 437.5kcal. After a week, she will have used just over 3000kcal through exercising – not quite enough to see a one pound weight loss.

Now it is important to remember that our lady should lose weight following a regime like this. But not as rapidly as she might think. And this can lead some to becoming disheartened. Her weight loss is also dependent on her dietary intake – losing weight through exercise alone relies heavily on a carefully controlled diet. And this leads onto our next point.

5. You can’t out-train a bad diet

There’s a certain sense of entitlement that people can feel when they exercise regularly, which links back to point #2 – earning food. This can become more of a persistent problem whereby all dietary restraint is lost and people assume that they can eat freely, as the exercise will take care of any excess calories.

Now let’s think about this.

It’s very, very easy to overeat. Not just the volume of food, but more so the calories. An extra few calories here and there (half a slice of bread, a slightly thicker spreading of butter, an extra splash of gravy, another piece of fruit, etc.) will start to make an appreciable dent into any calorie deficit you might achieve through exercise.

If you start adding in snacks, the dent gets bigger. One digestive biscuit contains 70kcal, and do you really have just the one? A standard packet of crisps is around 180kcal, with the ‘light’ option being around 100kcal. If you’re anything like me, you’ve still got chocolates lingering from Christmas. One Quality Street chocolate is around 40kcal, and again – would you have just one? And as for takeaways - just one per week can rack up a 1000kcal easily, obviously dependant on what you have. That one meal - tasty though it may be - can single-handedly destroy any energy deficit you might have generated. Small snacks, picking at extras, once-in-a-while treats, and slightly larger portions will very quickly sabotage an otherwise healthy diet.

And let’s not forget drinks – a large latte made with whole milk contains a whopping 340 kcals, a can of Coke contains 140kcal, and a 200ml glass of orange juice contains 90kcal. So if you were to have a glass of OJ with breakfast, a mid-morning latte and a can of Coke with lunch you’d have consumed 570kcal – without chewing on a single piece of food. Top tip – don’t drink your calories! If you are thirsty you need to hydrate, not fuel. Keep your energy consumption to meals, not drinks.

If you are like most people, you simply don’t have the time (or perhaps the inclination) to spend hours per day exercising. And if you have a sedentary job, drive to and from work, and enjoy relaxing on the sofa once you’re home, then it’s quite likely that you spend most of your waking hours being inactive. An hour of vigorous exercise simply isn’t enough to make up for 23 hours sitting and a bad (poor quality, energy dense) diet. A more active commute to/from work will help, but still won’t guarantee an energy deficit from exercise.

The simple fact is it is much easier and quicker to consume calories than it is to expend them through exercise. Our 70kg lady would have to cycle at 12mph for 30 minutes to expend 280kcal, the same calories as in a Bounty or a small (50g) bag of dry roasted peanuts – which take far less than 30 minutes to eat.

Unless you spend multiple hours per day training, it is nigh on impossible to out-train a bad diet.

And putting weight to one side, a healthy, balanced diet is essential to good health, longevity and wellbeing. The risks of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cancer, etc. are closely linked to dietary intake, and a menu of refined carbohydrates, low quality meats, hydrogenated and trans fats (common in pastries, biscuits, etc.) and sugar is going to take its toll on your health, irrespective of time spent exercising.

Putting all of these factors together you can hopefully see why exercising for the purposes of weight loss isn’t necessarily as easy as it seemingly should be. We overestimate how many calories we’ve used, we eat them back (and then some!), we lose focus from what we’re eating and over-rely on the exercise to compensate for a less than ideal diet.   

As I’ve already said, exercise is one of THE BEST ways of improving your health and wellbeing. There is nothing in the world of medicine and science that can offer the same benefits as regular exercise. 

You can reduce your risk of a whole host of diseases that are associated with sedentary lifestyles, BUT you still need to pay attention to what you are eating. Exercise can improve practically any aspect of your wellbeing – it strengthens your bones, muscles, cardiovascular system, immune function, and respiratory system, it can improve mood, self-esteem, and confidence. Exercise can help with depression, arthritis, diabetes control, and lower blood pressure and cholesterol. And whilst it may not be a magic bullet where weight loss is concerned, it certainly plays a part. Just be realistic in your expectations, and don’t forget all of the other benefits besides what the scales say – after all, your health and wellbeing is about more than your weight.